Irish Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services Social Work Essay Essays

Irish Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services Social Work Essay Essays Irish Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services Social Work Essay Essay Irish Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services Social Work Essay Essay but besides states that many of these will stay untreated because/due to the deficiency of services ( Share and Lalor,2009 ) . Many working groups and studies have been improved or implemented since the 2001 Mental Health Act, including the kid and Mental Health Service Report 2009-1010, a Vision for alteration 2006, the specializer Child and Adolescent Mental Health Advisory Group 2009, mental Health Commission 2002, and the Mental Health Expert Advisory Group. A Vision for Change presently in its 5th twelvemonth was launched by Mary Harney the so T A ; aacute ; naiste and Minster for Health and Children in 2006, prior to the recession or recent authorities crisis. This vision was so adopted as the formal national policy for the proviso of mental wellness services and was endorsed by patients advocators for patients and the mental wellness professional community. This vision was to advance a individual centered recovery orientated and holistic attack to mental unwellness and that the programme was to be funded from the sale of preexistent mental wellness lands and belongingss ( HSE, 2010 ) , including the sale and closing of 15 Victorian infirmaries promised by John Moloney during his statement to the House of the Oireachtas on 23 March 2010. Although it would be far to besides add that he did non print a clip line or budget program. The Child and mental Health service ( CAMHS ) have duty for the development of mental wellness services for kids and adolescents up until a younger grownup reaches 18 old ages of age There purpose is the development of 90 nine multi-disciplinary CAMHS squads, of which 50 five are already in topographic point, fifty community squads, to twenty-four hours hospital squads and three pediatric infirmary affair squads in add-on to other recommendations. With so much support being available to organize and implement so may groups and studies betterment should be huge. Deputy John Moloney the so Minister of State during his statement to the House of the Oireachtas on 23 March 2010, is recorded as saying that 70 per cent of mental wellness troubles begin in the kid and adolescent old ages, and that despite the economic down bend that advancement is being maintained in relation to mental wellness services an illustration of these betterments was the doubling of available inpatient beds from the minimum figure of 15 to the tremendous figure of 30 inmate beds, to cover the full population of 20 six counties in a state where the population harmonizing to the 2006 figures from the cardinal statistics office was recorded as being 4,239,848 of which 864,449 were aged between nothing and 14 ( Central Statistics Office, 2010 ) . The failure of mental wellness services available to Children and striplings has been highlighted in recent old ages with newspaper headlines foregrounding the usage of grownup psychiatric wards being used to suit kids every bit immature as 14. Harmonizing to newspapers such as the Belfast Telegraph on 7 October 2010 over one 100 adolescents enduring mental unwellness were admitted to adult psychiatric units during 2010. The graduated table of the job emerged after four adolescents over a few twenty-four hours period were admitted to the same mental wellness service unit at Waterford regional infirmary. It was noted that of the 100 adolescents forty three were under 17 old ages of age and the staying 50 seven were under 18. It was fortunate that at the clip this entrees occurred the amendment to the mental wellness ordinances had non come into force, and was non considered a breach of mental wellness ordinances, from December 2010 the age bound for preventing admittances to adults un its was increased to seventeen and this is due to be raised once more from 1 December 2011 to eighteen. ( Belfast Telegraph,2010 ) . Despite these Numbers 2010 really showed a lessening in kids and striplings being admitted to adult units, harmonizing to Amnesty International, in 2009 two 100 people were admitted to adult units and in 2008 this figure was two 100 and 40 seven. The figure of Children and striplings being admitted to adult units may be diminishing but the existent figure really being admitted to inmates units continues to lift, during the first nine months of 2010, sixty three per cent of immature individual s being treated for mental wellness conditions were admitted to child and adolescent units an addition of 19 per cent on the 2009 figures. This harmonizing to the Department of Health and Children is expected to go on to increase with the gap of the two new 20 bed units in both Cork and Galway ( section of Health and Children.2010 ) . Prior to the execution of the Vision of Change the age cut off age between kids and grownup services was 16 old ages. These additions occurred despite the purposed move off from the infirmary based theoretical account and towards more attention in the community and within the clients ain place ( HSE, 2010 ) . Improvements despite nevertheless minimum are still betterments, from small acorns turn almighty oaks. The HSE published its 2nd one-year study on Child and Mental Health Services on 23 November 2010, This study highlights that within the twelvemonth 1 October 2009 and 30 September 2010 7651 new instances were seen by the CAMHS squads and of these new instances 47 per cent were seen within one month and 69 per cent within three months of the initial referral ( HSE,2010 ) . This study states that waiting lists have decreased by 9.5 per cent stand foring a lessening of 247 individuals compared to the study besides acknowledges that despite this lessening 2370 kids and striplings still await assignments. These 2370 immature grownups all with households, parents, callings, siblings, equals, instructors all waiting an assignment all perchance affected by behaviour jobs of some sort, all indirectly expecting aid to some grade, and all trusting for a positive results. These immature grownup s await assignments despite the fact that the UN Convention on the Rights of the kid states that Governments and relevant subordinate organic structures of province have a duty to take all available steps to guarantee that kids s rights are respected, protected and fulfilled ( ACAMH,2008 ) .. The exact figure of these that could be considered at hazard despite the purposes of the 2001 Mental Health Act remain unknown. Despite apparently little betterments or what the HSE see as a broad scope of community based services such as outpatient clinics, medium support groups places, residential units and acute admittances wards etc. , ( HSE,2010 ) . Orla Barry manager of the Mental Health Commission states that cuts in staffing, edifices unfit for use/purpose, funding cutbacks, deficiency of conformity with basic criterions and with no meaningful programs to drive reform that the HSE is non presenting on its promises ( Amnesty International,2010 ) . Orla Barry besides states that mental wellness disbursement is at its lowest degree in modern history and that over half of the staff cuts in 2010 were from mental wellness which represented nine per cent of the Health service Executive work force ( Healthrisk,2010 ) . Dr Teresa Carey, Inspector of Mental Health Facilities besides paints a subdued position of the mental wellness system and provinces that cardinal to the bringing of effectual mental wellness s ervices is the ability to garner, analyse and manage information, but describes the information capablenesss of the Irish mental wellness service as primitive which has further deductions for the allotment of resources and make up ones minding of staffing degrees ( SIPTU NURSING, 2006 ) This essay will reason that despite recorded betterments to the mental wellness Servicess or the good purposes of all the studies and working groups. Purposes are lone purposes, more evidently needs to be done, for those who merely by age entirely irrespective of the mental wellness job they are sing, are one of the most vulnerable sectors of society and are unable to recommend for themselves. A waiting list regardless of size is still a waiting list. These immature grownups can be sing different grades of mental damage from depression to consider self-harm, and the demand for betterment can merely be enforced, with the Child and mental Health service ( CAMHS ) really saying that good results are most likely if the kid or stripling and their household or carer have entree to seasonably well-coordinated advice, appraisal and grounds based intervention ( HSE,2010 ) .

Helicopter parents, noobs and brain candy - Emphasis

Helicopter parents, noobs and brain candy Helicopter parents, noobs and brain candy As a new year begins, you cant help but look back on the one just passed: its gains and losses, its highs and lows, the memorable moments and those best forgotten. So why not do the same for the words and terms that entered our lives or at least the dictionaries in 2011?* You can make your own mind up about which of those categories these words fall into, but more to the point can you pick the correct definition for each from the choices below? 1. boomerang childa young adult who regularly travels abroad, returning home only to save up enough money to go travelling againa young adult who returns to live at his or her family home, especially for financial reasons a child who must divide his or her time between the two households of separated parents2. helicopter parenta parent whose presence in his or her child’s life is sporadic owing to business or other outside responsibilitiesa parent who is overly involved in the life of his or her child a parent who travels extensively with young children in tow3. robocalla telephone call from an automated source that delivers a pre-recorded message to a large number of people a voicemail message delivered by a robotic voice as a result of a text message inadvertently being sent to a landlinethe experience of calling a helpline and being faced with a recorded series of instructions and pre-recorded information4. brain candybroadly appealing, undemanding entertainment that is not intellectually stimulating a person (usually a woman) who is considered to be both highly intelligent and very attractivean ironic term for foods that are supposedly beneficial for one’s body and brain, but not pleasurable to consume5. nooba desirable young man or woman (from ‘nubile’)a foolish mistake or gaffe, perpetrated because one is new to an activitya novice or newcomer to a profession or activity 6. mumpreneura person who makes a living selling items targeted at new mothersa woman who combines running her own business with looking after her children a woman who starts a new career or business after her children have left home7. mamila middle-aged man in Lycra a middle-aged man in leggingsa man who favours dressing in animal-prints8. emberrorista person who records incidents involving friends or acquaintances in embarrassing situations and posts them on the interneta person who targets members of the public or celebrities with practical jokes using hidden cameras for television or online broadcastan organisation or person that seeks to reveal potentially embarrassing information – often as a political weapon 9. foodoira film charting the journey food items take, from cultivation to consumptionthe practice of bringing food into the bedroom (combination of ‘food’ and ‘boudoir’)a blog or book combining memoir and recipes 10. nurdlea very small pellet of plastic that serves as raw material in the manufacture of plastic products an obstacle or hurdle that must be negotiated within an online gaming worldan awkward or strange person Let us know how you got on. Have you used any of the terms? (Weve already heard from a keen cricketer about an alternative meaning for one of them.) If not, will you be adding any of them to your vocabulary? And which ones (if any) are you hoping to forget long before the year is out? * Words taken from 2011 entries in Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, Concise Oxford English Dictionary and Collins English Dictionary And if thats put you in a quizzing mood, why not pit yourself against our fiendish spelling test?

Managing Innovation Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Innovation Technology - Essay Example This could range from solving a major technological problem through a significant research programme, to simply making some minor improvements to an existing product (IPENZ 2). One example of this type of innovation is the portable MP3 player. This is basically an improvement on the compact disc player. This was market-led as there was an increasing need by the market to have this device, due to the increasing availability of downloadable files, coupled with the relatively low cost. The second is technology-led innovation. This is where a technological breakthrough, often arising from market-led innovation in another sector, creates an opportunity for a new product or service, but one that the market itself has not yet recognised. A market then needs to be developed for this innovation (IPENZ 2). An example of this type of innovation would include the in-house stereo system that is being introduced on the new housing estates in the UK. This involves speakers built into ceilings in al l rooms of house, with the main radio control centre in a central location. This means the occupants of the household, can listen to their favourite radio station, music or television programme without having to take the radio or television with them. In terms of the service sector, innovation would include applications such as the Pay Pal payment system, which is an online payment system or even online banking.For innovation to be successful it has to fulfil a number of factors. It has to have market value and to achieve this there needs to be a close link with the marketing process. There is no point in producing products if the market does not value the innovation. The innovation must be unique and protected in order to prevent competitors making any gains on it. Successful businesses rely on processes that ensure regular and constant innovation as failure is bound to happen when reliance is placed on random innovations. More and more organisations are recognising the importance of managing their innovation technology, as there are massive gains to be made in terms of copyrights and intellectual property. More importantly, they stand to attract other market segments and recognition of their efforts. The processes being employed are also relatively simple, as they entail areas such as knowledge management, and instilling a culture of openness and innovation in the organisation. Good innovation systems also focus on recruiting and retaining highly skilled and trained staff, giving them access to knowledge and then encouraging and enabling them to think and act innovatively. An effective innovation system consists of a variety of factors. The organisation must have a culture that values innovation and where staff are encouraged to think differently and take calculated risks. This requires a change in the organisational culture, as innovation cannot flourish in a static organisation or one which is heavily centralised. For innovation to work, the organisation needs to adopt a learning culture. This is essential in the current environment as the markets are relatively more unstable than they have

The Nature of Divorce Law in England and Wales Dissertation

The Nature of Divorce Law in England and Wales - Dissertation Example The paper tells that in England and Wales, only men could openly file for divorce and get the chance of having it implemented. It could only be awarded through acts of their respective parliaments, which made the process very costly and affordable to only men. This implied that the proceedings of a divorce were only instigated by the wealthy men who could afford to pay for the proceedings. For example, in the time of King Henry VIII, he was awarded a divorce through a church court led by the Canterbury Archbishop. At around this time and in the following years, the church courts reserved the rights and powers of dissolving marriages and only favored men in their rulings. The governing bodies that were in charge of divorce before the enactment of the matrimonial act were the courts of Arches along with the Church of England’s cannon law. The law on divorce was not implemented by the common court barristers but by advocates practicing civilian laws thereby adding to the anonymit y of this process. The civilian laws used were faulty and did not guarantee women their required rights in marriage. The issue of divorce was reserved for the rich men who could manage to finance private bills or ensure the enforcement of an annulment process that was very complex to work through. A couple’s marital issues were discussed in public courts with the proceedings being carried out in the common’s house. Lord Aberdeen proposed several bills that would create civilian courts to help in regulating this issue among couples but achieved no success in his efforts. This system was heavily criticized since it gave a wealthy man’s personal issues priority over national matters.3 The bills raised for the purposes of regulating divorce usually achieved stiff resistance from many legislators who perceived the formation of such courts as violations of their church’s power. The matrimonial act was finally put into force on 1 January in the year 1858.4 Devel opment of the Current Divorce Law in England and Wales The first legislation on divorce in England and Wales came about in the year 1857 through the enactment of the act on matrimonial causes. It dealt with the former laws practices of discrimination against women. The act was passed by the country’s parliament and it brought reforms in the areas of divorce where many faults were previously witnessed . This is because the act later shifted the power of instigating a divorce from the church to civilian courts. The act also stipulated that a husband would be granted a divorce against his spouse only if he could prove her adultery.5 It assured wives throughout England and Wales of their ability of achieving a divorce against their husbands. It provided that a woman could prove her husband’s infidelity along with instances of cruelty, incest or desertions during their marriage. The acts fault was that it enabled the creation of marriages that resembled contracts than sacra ments. It also facilitated the occurrences of divorces to the poor people and faulted the previously used laws which did not .6 Divorces in both countries had previously been reserved for the privileged and wealthy people. This act further enabled the creation of a divorce court which dealt with causes of matrimonial problems. It provided these courts with the power of hearing and deciding civilian actions concerning the issue of divorce which were only previously heard in the commons house. 7 The courts were first placed under the supervision of Sir Cresswell who was very successful in establishing their authority, self-esteem along with their efficiencies. These provisions were not present in the past legislations.  

Women in mathematics,Science,and Engineering Essay - 1

Women in mathematics,Science,and Engineering - Essay Example However, women are highly underrepresented in science and technology studies at the secondary and tertiary levels of education, and in the overall technical workforce. This is despite evidence that suggests further involvement of women in technology related fields would greatly improve innovations and economic development in most countries (OECD, 11). Young girls are currently less involved in technical subjects as early as in their high school level; only a third of students in OECD countries taking biology, advanced chemistry, and physics related subjects are girls. In the United States, only 15% of girls are enrolled in advanced computer science studies, despite the growing computer literacy among all young people. Therefore, there is need to critically address the low enrollment of women in science and technology based fields to bridge the large gap between male and female expatriates in science and technical fields. Currently, women in US and other OECD countries are increasingl y enrolling in male dominated engineering and mathematics fields; there has been a remarkable impact on the number of women enrolling for engineering and math intensive courses.... There is a serious under representation of women in engineering enrollment in the western world. In the US, there are evident and remarkable differences in the numbers of females enrolled in various engineering disciplines. These trends are indicative of specific university features, or some courses appearing attractive to females, resulting in higher numbers of female students in some science and technical courses compared to others (Gill etal, 392). For example, in Australia, though engineering is regarded as one of the highly paid professions, requires high tertiary scores before admission to university, and has the highest level of employment from the graduate level, females in Australia make below 14% of the total first year enrollments in engineering; this is despite the given incentives, high professional status of engineers, and high pay offered in engineering (Grill et al, 392). Moreover, in Australia, women have been leaving the engineering profession at a much higher rate compared to men, which suggests that women underrepresentation in engineering will continue to worsen. This is complicated by the fact that high performing females who overcome the barriers to score highly in math and science subjects, and would be expected to take engineering as the best course, prefer other courses such as Law and medicine, with female students making more than 50% of first year enrollments in these studies across Australia (Grill et al, 392). The trend where high performing female students in Australia prefer law and medicine to engineering hints on the social implications of being an engineer. Law and medicine are associated with

Importance Of The Trade Unions In Thatchers Downfall Politics Essay

Importance Of The Trade Unions In Thatchers Downfall Politics Essay To what extent was the conflict with the Trade Unions the main reasons for Thatchers fall? The conflict with the trade unions played a significant part in relation to Margaret Thatchers resignation, in November 1990, however there are other reasons which led to her fall in November 1990. The main issues that occurred were that Mrs. Thatchers hostility towards the European Union which caused division within the Conservative Party and a European diplomatic crisis and the introduction of poll tax. Mrs. Thatcher was committed to reducing the trade unions power because she believed their leadership was undermining parliamentary democracy and economic performance  [1]  . A view also shared by Walsh-Atkins who stated that before Mrs. Thatcher became Prime Minister, the Trade Unions had a high and possibly damaging influence on the economy.  [2]  Collins and Seldon state Thatcher was determined to prove that it was she and not the NUM that ruled Britain  [3]  . This shows the trade unions influence over how the country was run and Thatcher was determined to reduce the unions power. The miners strike in March 1984 was the climax of confrontation between the unions and Thatchers government. The strike was ordered without a national ballot. However, Lynch states Scargills NUM never had any real hope of success  [4]  as the strike was weakened by breakaway miners who remained at work, and the refusal of key unions, such as power-station workers, to join the struggle.  [5]  Eventually, the miners lost the British publics support due to the violence and economic crisis the strikes caused. Thatcher states The Battles at Orgreave had an enormous impact and did a great deal to turn public opinion against the miners  [6]  .Also backed by Walsh-Atkins stating polls had revealed the public to be strongly anti-Scargill  [7]  a view also supported by Lynch stating public opinion became largely pro-government  [8]  . Eventually the National Union of Miners conceded defeat and mines closed. This strike boosted public opinion for Thatchers government and improved relationships with the TUC. The Sunday Times states The memory was still fresh of Mrs Thatchers commitment to defeat with the enemy within  [9]  and that The polls showed throughout that most people rejected Scargills interpretation of what was at stake  [10]  and shows this was not the main reason for Mrs Thatchers downfall in 1990. Running Word Count: 560Mrs Thatcher had a very hostile approach to the EU, her views and entire debate on the EU was to arouse huge controversy  [11]  during her premiership, her views subsequently began to question her leadership, playing a key part in her fall in 1990. In 1986, when the Single European Act was signed, against Mrs. Thatchers policies of trying to denominate the neoliberal revolution  [12]  . Throughout her premiership, she was strongly against European integration and was determined to reduce the British contribution to the ECC budget  [13]  . In 1987 she had agreed to something that went against what she hoped for the UK  [14]  and Walsh-Watkins states other key figures in the party.were obviously moving in a different direction.  [15]  The Single European Act was to divide the Conservative Party and the country even more. Mrs. Thatcher had an out-and-out policy against advancements in European integration  [16]  ; however Walsh-Watkins stat es that what she argued for was a willing and active co-operation between independent sovereign nations'  [17]  . In October 1990, Thatcher was persuaded to join the Exchange Rate Mechanism by Lawson, Lowes and Major. It led to Black Wednesday and economic disaster on 16th September 1992 leading to Britain humiliatingly withdrawing from the Exchange Rate Mechanism in late 1992. As a result of her European policies, in 1990, her cabinet was divided over the issues including the European Community  [18]  . The relationship between the party and PM was edgy as most Conservatives didnt support Mrs. Thatchers ideas or views, commonly referred to as Thatcherism. This view is shared by Vinen who states European policy distance her from the two men who had been most influential in her governments during the 1980s Howe and Lowes.  [19]  Howe later resigned from office after Mrs. Thatcher refused to join the Euro, and Thatcher lost support as Howe was a key political figure in th e Conservative party. Howes resignation is seen as the key catalyst for the leadership challenge of Michael Heseltine à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. as well as Thatchers subsequent resignation.  [20]  This view is also shared by Seldon and Collings who state Howes departure made even loyal Tory MPs feel that perhaps she had to go now.  [21]  Howes resignation speech is seen as an invitation for others to come forward and challenge her  [22]  This speech was seen by many Conservative MPs as having witnessed the undoing of the Prime Minister.  [23]  Therefore, the issues regarding Europe are seen as the main reason for Thatchers fall. Running Word Count: 1,213The introduction of the poll tax, or community charge, in 1990 created civil unrest in Britain. Mass riots occurred in Central London on 31st March 1990 and support for the government dropped significantly when opinion polls were showing 2% support  [24]  Conservative MPs joined the demonstrations against setting poll tax limits and against poll tax generally. As demonstrations unfolded, speculation developed for the first time about Thatchers position as leader  [25]  . This view is also shared by Charmley stating the poll tax riots had echoes of the Peasants Revolt of 1381, which threatened to dethrone the Monarch; there were echoes of that in a contemporary situation, too, with Mrs Thatcher now cast in the role of Richard II  [26]  . One of the PMs closest advisors, Nigel Lawson, hated the idea of poll tax because he believed it put people into the tax system  [27]  rather than taking people out and Michael Heseltine walked out of the cabin et on another issues minutes before it was due to endorse the poll tax  [28]  . Heseltine later voted against the implementation of poll tax in England. After the implementation of poll tax, Vinen states Sir Anthony Meyer announced that he would challenge  [29]  Thatchers position as Prime Minister. He became anti-Thatcher due to Mrs. Thatchers anti-Europe views. Michael Heseltine also launched a leadership challenge against Mrs. Thatcher but lost by 52 votes (204-152) but Gibson states in the actual election contest Europe became relegated to a minor role and domestic issues, especially the poll tax, emerged as much more important  [30]  and thus the leadership challenge led to Mrs. Thatchers resignation and therefore shows that poll tax was the main reason for Mrs. Thatchers resignation in 1990. This view is reinforced by Lynch who states this created fury in the country at large, provided a cause around her opponents rallied and alienated some of the Conservative Part ys staunchest supporters  [31]  this is evident as Gibson states in the parliamentary by-elections in Eastbourne, where the Conservatives had a majority of 16,923 in 1987  [32]  , the Conservatives lost the by-election to the Liberal Democrats on a 20% swing  [33]  . Lynch further states that the poll tax was to destroy her position  [34]  as PM, along with Britains relationship with Europe, Gibson also states that could the government, in this case, simply made a mistake?  [35]  thus showing that questions about Thatchers leadership was under question therefore, shows that poll tax played a big part in Mrs. Thatchers resignation later on in November 1990. The Falklands War was a pivotal moment in Thatchers premiership, putting Britains foreign relations to the test and Vinen states that Sir Henry Leach  [36]  the most senior Royal Navy officer said that if Britain didnt re-capture the Falklands, Britain would be living in a very different country whose word means nothing  [37]  which implies that Foreign relations would become complex. When Britain declared war with Argentina it caused a diplomatic crisis, with the EEC and United Nations giving its support to Britain, announcing economic sanctions against Argentina  [38]  , straining Britains foreign affairs. However, when Britain reclaimed the Falklands Mrs. Thatchers support was at its highest and Baker states by transforming the spirit of the nation the Falklands war also transformed the spirit and fortunes of the Government  [39]  therefore, the outcome of the war helped Mrs. Thatcher to win the 1983 elections. This view is supported by Sergeant who states the succ ess of the Falklands War helped produce a landslide for Mrs Thatcher in 1983.  [40]  Lynch agrees stating The reward for her leadership during the Falklands crisis came in the 1983 election  [41]  therefore, clearly showing that the Falklands War was not behind Mrs Thatchers downfall in 1990. Running Word Count: 1,909To conclude based on the evidence, I think that the conflict with the trade unions was not the main reason for Margaret Thatchers fall and that the introduction of the poll tax, in 1990, was the cause of her fall.

Geography and Biodiversity of Acre in Brazil :: Geology

Acre is the Westernmost Brazilian state, and neighbor to Amazonas and Rondà ´nia, spanning about 55,000 square miles. Its capital Rio Branco is home to the 288, 907 of the total 438,489 denizens (1996). The whole of Acre is contained within the Amazon Basin and 93% of it is tropical rain forest. Notwithstanding the great extent of deforestation, the biodiversity of Acre and the surrounding Amazon Basin remains extensive; there are the mammoth trees, countless species of palm trees, vines, bushes, ferns; there are copaà ­ba, Brazil-nuts, various fruits such as cupuaà §u and graviola; species of insects, fish, the parrots, araras and other birds, so rare that scientists have yet to describe them; there are cicadas, caimans, the rays, the land-and sweet-water turtles, tapirs, the monkeys, and jaguars. First Rubber Tappers The first upsurge of immigration to the Brazilian Amazon resulted from the European and North American industries' need for rubber at the end of the 19th century. "Seringalistas " as the owners of the new rubber companies, would acquire huge areas of the Brazilian rain forest in order to extract the raw material for the rubber (the latex from the rubber trees). This "rubber boom," which brought wealth to the cities of Belem and Manaus, was eliminated with the British rubber production in Malaysia. Therefore, many of the Seringalistas went bankrupt and returned to the northeast. Once again this condition was reversed during the Second World War, when the Japanese, who were allied with the Germans, usurped the Malaysian plantations. In order to conduct war one must have a supply of rubber, so rubber was once again in high demand in order to supply the allies against the Germans with rubber. People from northeast Brazil returned to extract rubber, which caused the second wave of immigration from the northeast. This time the flood of people was termed the "rubber soldiers" because they had the choice either to go to war against the Germans or become rubber tappers (people who extract latex sap trees and later dry the sap to create rubber). Development of the Amazon Brazil had an uncharted frontier to conquer, but the Amazon was in the way. So the Brazilian government resolved to encourage the clearing of forests and the conversion of previous forestland to pastures via tax benefits and direct subsidies. "With government subsidy in one hand and a chain saw in the other, ranchers and colonists advanced over the rain forest at a frightening pace," felling and burning 23,000 square kilometers (8,880 sq. Geography and Biodiversity of Acre in Brazil :: Geology Acre is the Westernmost Brazilian state, and neighbor to Amazonas and Rondà ´nia, spanning about 55,000 square miles. Its capital Rio Branco is home to the 288, 907 of the total 438,489 denizens (1996). The whole of Acre is contained within the Amazon Basin and 93% of it is tropical rain forest. Notwithstanding the great extent of deforestation, the biodiversity of Acre and the surrounding Amazon Basin remains extensive; there are the mammoth trees, countless species of palm trees, vines, bushes, ferns; there are copaà ­ba, Brazil-nuts, various fruits such as cupuaà §u and graviola; species of insects, fish, the parrots, araras and other birds, so rare that scientists have yet to describe them; there are cicadas, caimans, the rays, the land-and sweet-water turtles, tapirs, the monkeys, and jaguars. First Rubber Tappers The first upsurge of immigration to the Brazilian Amazon resulted from the European and North American industries' need for rubber at the end of the 19th century. "Seringalistas " as the owners of the new rubber companies, would acquire huge areas of the Brazilian rain forest in order to extract the raw material for the rubber (the latex from the rubber trees). This "rubber boom," which brought wealth to the cities of Belem and Manaus, was eliminated with the British rubber production in Malaysia. Therefore, many of the Seringalistas went bankrupt and returned to the northeast. Once again this condition was reversed during the Second World War, when the Japanese, who were allied with the Germans, usurped the Malaysian plantations. In order to conduct war one must have a supply of rubber, so rubber was once again in high demand in order to supply the allies against the Germans with rubber. People from northeast Brazil returned to extract rubber, which caused the second wave of immigration from the northeast. This time the flood of people was termed the "rubber soldiers" because they had the choice either to go to war against the Germans or become rubber tappers (people who extract latex sap trees and later dry the sap to create rubber). Development of the Amazon Brazil had an uncharted frontier to conquer, but the Amazon was in the way. So the Brazilian government resolved to encourage the clearing of forests and the conversion of previous forestland to pastures via tax benefits and direct subsidies. "With government subsidy in one hand and a chain saw in the other, ranchers and colonists advanced over the rain forest at a frightening pace," felling and burning 23,000 square kilometers (8,880 sq.