Work Ethic Essay Sample

Hard working attitude Essay Sample Paper on Work Ethic Hard working attitudes is accepted to be a thought that work, difficult work and tirelessness, has a positive result. They additionally accept that an individual ought to organize work and work just so as to carry on with an effective life. Some may differ on this yet there are individuals who truly cause their lives to spin around working. Being a compulsive worker isn't awful however on some point, this characteristic can turn into an issue in light of the fact that an excess of work can prompt affliction. It is alright to fill in as long as you take great consideration of yourself. A solid hard working attitude is required so as to endure a real existence that is focused in carrying out your responsibility. Coming up next are the best ten hard working attitudes. At the point when you enter a vocation the principal amazing move you will take is as a rule consistently on schedule and never be missing. Participation is one of the most significant components when a business searches for a worker. At the point when an individual is late numerous things are squandered and it isn't useful for the business. You will never locate a supervisor who needs their representative to be in every case late. This will dazzle and rouse your associates and your chief. Each organization has confidence in the colloquialism that the quickest to get down to business will have an advantage on all competitors so an early worker will be the most beneficial. The subsequent one is the character of a representative. The character of an individual is significant in the working environment since it will decide their association with his partners. It is essential to the point that an individual has a decent disposition so he can coexist with his collaborators and the activit y will be done without any problem. The third one is collaboration; this is relevant to an individual or a gathering of individuals. Cooperation is unquestionably required on the grounds that some activity requires coordination between more individuals. It will likewise show how an individual will convey to the next to complete a specific undertaking. The fourth quality is the appearance; now and again looks truly matters. On the off chance that you will see, some activity posts incorporate satisfying character as a prerequisite. Individuals in the business world needs individuals who are adequate glancing so as to convince the customers and persuade them that their organization has genuine business in light of the fact that their representatives look respectable enough to be accepted. It doesn't really imply that the individual should pass the standard of lovely; the person in question simply should be satisfactory. Next one is a mentality, much the same as character it shows how an individual demonstrations towards the others. Intense occasions will likewise test someone’s demeanor on how the person will respond in an issue. The 6th quality is efficiency; it is something that makes a business keeps their representative. A beneficial individual consistently takes care of business even before the cutoff time. The sorts of individuals who are beneficial are useful for the organization in light of the fact that the compensation given to them are for the most part justified, despite all the trouble. Different characteristics incorporate hierarchical abilities, correspondence, collaboration, and regard. Hierarchical aptitudes are required on the grounds that it will cause an individual to do their activity in the most straightforward manner conceivable. Correspondence is required in any field of the working environment since this is the thing that causes individuals to see one another. On the off chance that a worker doesn't have the foggiest idea how to convey, the individual in question won't have the option to confer their thoughts and that may cause the organization a major misfortune. Participation is significant in light of the fact that when a representative isn't coordinating the activity won't be finished. Last however not the least is a regard for one another. Without regard, the activity won't be done effectively. Everyone should regard each other paying little mind to their race, age, sex, and religion. Regard ought to be given and not requested on the grounds that it is something that is offered to an individual without anything consequently. The entirety of the referenced characteristics ought to be displayed by an individual who needs to work with solid morals. On the off chance that an individual has those characteristics, the person in question will without a doubt remain in the activity the individual in question cherishes. The drive of an individual to make something effective will make the person in question objectives work out. The solid hard working attitudes is nothing without difficult work and persistence in carrying out the responsibility.

Biology Molecule essays

Science Molecule expositions - man is high 50s to 60% water - dissemination in body partitioned into 3 compartments: 2) intercellular/interstitial liquid - 11 liters - 80% - waters properties result from its structure and atomic collaborations - polar covalent bonds and lopsided shape give it inverse charges on - electrons invest more energy around O giving H a slight positive charge - hydrogen bonds structure between the oxygen of one particle and the - attachment: substance being held together by hydrogen bonds - hydrogen bonds are transient yet enough is constantly held together to give water more structure than practically some other fluid - dabs and meniscus shaped by union (additionally helps upward vehicle of - bond neutralizes descending draw of gravity - water has more prominent surface pressure than most fluids - surface atoms are hydrogen attached to particles beneath and around - surface pressure can impede life (for example beading in the alveoli of lungs) - makes water unwettable - surfactants used to neutralize this - water has a high explicit warmth which permits it to oppose outrageous temperature - has a high warmth of vaporization that makes it require alot of vitality to - when perspiring, heat vitality is used to change states from fluid to gas, - as a strong water is less thick than as a fluid and will drift - charged districts of atoms have an electrical appreciation for charged particles - water encompasses particles isolating and protecting them from each other - polar mixes are commonly dissolvable - charged areas of water are pulled in to oppositely charged districts of - polar atoms are miscible in other polar fluids - most water atoms dont separate (~ 1/554 million do) - hydrogen particle in hydrogen bond between the two water atoms may move from the oxygen particle it is covalently clung to the unshared orbitals of the oxygen that it is hydrogen attached to - hydrogen particle is moved making a hydronium io... <!

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #21 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 â€" Entry #21 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The fall semester is rapidly approaching . . . hard to believe how fast the summer is going here in the Office of Admissions.   We continue to get great photos from incoming students and welcome new students to keep sending them.   See this post for details. Todays photos were submitted by Susmita De, and incoming MPA-DP student. _________________________ This was taken in the early evening at the famous Angkor Wat. I love that you can spot a briefcase in one of the Monks hands. China Dali manicure: While traveling through southern China in a small fishing village just outside of Dali, I saw several women with their fingers highlighted in orange. When I asked what it was for, they said that it was a bit of a beauty treat, in preparation for the evenings annual Torch Festival (the celebration honoured a famous General who sacrificed himself in a fire in order to save the people of Dali). Namibia Dune Cartwheel: I try to get someone to take a photo of me cartwheeling everywhere I travel, and this is one of my all time favorites in the magnificent dunes in western Namibia.

What Is Law School Like

Law school is intense and competitive. The rigorous curriculum moves quickly, and youll be expected to read at least 50-75 pages of dense case law every day in order to keep up. In class, professors employ the Socratic method, cold-calling on students and asking them to apply legal principles to hypothetical (and sometimes outlandish) sets of facts. Unlike most undergraduate classes, grades for law school classes are usually determined by a single exam taken at the end of the semester. Law school can be intimidating, but knowledge is power. Understanding the basics of the law school experience will set you up for success in your first year and beyond. The Curriculum The law school curriculum is administered over a period of 3 years. All law schools offer the same courses during the first year (called 1L). The 1L courses are:   Civil Procedure. Civil Procedure is the study of complex rules that govern the mechanics of court proceedings. These rules often determine the who, when, where, and how of a lawsuit. Civil Procedure also dictates the rules preceding, during, and after a trial.Contracts. This two-semester-long course focuses on parties who enter into an agreement and what happens when a breach occurs.  Criminal Law. This course covers criminal offenses, including what makes something a criminal offense and how crimes are punished.  Property Law. In Property Law, you’ll study the acquisition, possession, and disposition of property. Expect to study dense case law outlining the nuances of property ownership.  Torts. Torts is the study of harmful acts that are punishable under civil law. You will learn about the repercussions of trespassing, false imprisonment, assault/battery, and more.  Constitutional Law. In Constitutional Law, you will learn about the structure of the United States gov ernment and individual rights.  Legal Research/Writing. This course teaches students the fundamentals of legal writing and how to write a legal memo.   In the second and third years, students can select classes based on their interests. Courses will vary depending on the law school, but typical options include real estate, tax, intellectual property, evidence, trial advocacy, mergers and acquisitions, wills and estates, bankruptcy, and securities law. It is a good idea to take a variety of classes in order to decide which practice area to pursue after law school.   If possible, try sitting in on a course before applying to law school. This experience is helpful because you can learn how law school classes are conducted without having any pressure to perform. The Case Method In law school, many of your reading assignments will come from casebooks. Casebooks compile court opinions, called â€Å"cases,† related to a specific area of law. You will be expected to read cases, then extrapolate broader legal concepts and principles based on how the case was decided. In class, professors will ask you to take the principles you extrapolated from the case and apply them to a different set of facts (called a â€Å"fact pattern†).   In the case method, reading assignments don’t tell you everything you need to know. You will be expected to apply critical thinking skills to everything you read in order to draw correct conclusions. This step-by-step primer explains the process:   During the first reading of the case, identify the facts, the parties of the case, and what the plaintiff or defendant is trying to accomplish; don’t worry about getting all the details. During the second read, identify the procedural history of the case and take note of the relevant facts. During the third read, hone in on relevant facts, focus on the judicial interpretation, and think about how the interpretation would change if another fact pattern was used.   Reading a case several times is standard practice; with each reading, you will become better prepared to answer questions in class. Over time, the practice will become second nature, and you will be able to identify key pieces of information with more efficiency.   The Socratic Method In law school classes, students are expected to learn through the Socratic method—a system of intense questioning designed to lead students to particular insights.   In a typical example of the Socratic method, the professor will pick a student at random (called cold-calling). The chosen student will be asked to summarize a case from an assigned reading and discuss relevant legal principles. Next, the professor will change the facts of the case, and the student will have to analyze how the previously-established legal principles apply to this new fact pattern. The expectation is that the student’s answers will lead to a solid conclusion. To succeed in a Socratic questioning session, students must come to class with a thorough understanding of the assigned cases and the legal principles presented within them.  (To be even more prepared, some students try to predict what the professor will ask, then prepare responses.) Exactly how long the â€Å"hot seat† lasts can vary; some professors call on many students per class period, while others grill a smaller number of students for a longer time. All students must pay attention to the dialogue, because there is always a chance that the professor could put someone else on the hot seat at the spur of the moment. Many students worry about potential embarrassment as a result of the Socratic method. Experiencing the Socratic method for the first time is inevitably stressful, but it is a rite of passage for first-year law students. Asking upperclassmen about individual professors’ questioning styles can help calm your nerves before your first class.   One Exam Per Semester   In most law school courses, your grade is determined by your score on a single exam, taken at the end of the semester. Exams cover all the information taught in the course and include multiple-choice, short answer, and essay sections. Naturally, there is a lot of pressure to perform on test day.   The most effective way to study for exams is to start preparing early. Learn the material at a slow and steady pace, start creating a course outline as soon as possible, and meet regularly with a study group. If tests from previous years are available, make sure to review them. Since feedback is limited during the semester, it’s important to be proactive about asking questions. If you’re struggling with a certain concept or principle, don’t be afraid to ask for help. And remember, this high-stakes form of testing is good preparation for the bar exam.   Extracurricular Activities Law schools offer a large variety of professionally-focused extracurricular activities. Getting involved outside of class is a great way to network with peers, connect with alumni, and develop professional skills. Two of the most popular activities are law review and moot court.   The law review is a student-run scholarly journal that publishes articles by law professors, judges, and other legal professionals. It is considered the most prestigious extracurricular at most law schools. Law students at the top of their class receive an invitation to join at the end of their first year. (At some schools, you can also gain a coveted slot via application.)  As a member of the law review, you will hone your research and writing skills by participating in the journal’s publication process: fact-checking, reviewing footnoted case citations, and potentially writing short articles yourself.   In moot court, law students learn about litigation and trial advocacy by participating in simulated trial proceedings. Moot court participants write legal motions, present oral arguments, speak to the jury, answer questions from the judge, and more. Joining moot court is a great way to strengthen your legal skills—particularly your ability to form and communicate legal arguments.

Top Pop Music Solo Artists of the 1980s

False Picture of Marriage in The Dead by James Joyce and...

Illusion versus Reality: Marriage in Modern Literature Modern literature is known for questioning society and its various conventions. One question that these works often ask is, â€Å"What is real?† Some modern authors explore this question by placing their characters within self-constructed illusions that are later shattered by the introduction of reality. Marriages are frequently at the center of this theme, with one spouse crafting an illusory impression of the other. Modern literature demonstrates that a marriage built upon illusion will falter when exposed to reality. In order to understand the effects of illusion on marriages in modern literature, we will explore two pieces: The Dead by James Joyce and Odour of Chrysanthemums by D.H.†¦show more content†¦In fact, his fondness for her grows throughout the story, to the point that he is nearly unable to contain his happiness and his longing to be alone with her (2194). Unfortunately, the connection that Gabriel feels to his wife is the product of illusion. In reality, he doesn’t know her at all—a fact Joyce alludes to when Gabriel fails to recognize his own wife and sees only, â€Å"[a] woman standing near the top of the stairs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2192). When Gretta begins to reminisce about a boy from her past, Gabriel’s blanket of illusion is snatched away: â€Å"While he had been full of†¦joy and desire, she had been comparing him in her mind with another† (2197). Facing the reality of his wife’s love for another man, Gabriel now begins to question their entire relationship. As Gabriel reflects on Gretta’s sorrow for this lost young man, he comes to accept that he has never experienced that depth of feeling and love for another person—not even for the wife that he had so desired just a short time before. He no longer looks at her through â€Å"admiring and happy eyes;† he now sees only her age and bitterly acknowledges that â€Å"her face is no longer the face for which [the boy] braved death† (2199). The reality of Gretta’s past has revealed the shallowness of his feelings and the hollowness in his life, and Gabriel’s picture of Gretta is forever changed. While Elizabeth and Gabriel each created a different type of illusion, the end result was the same—their

With examples, discuss why project management free essay sample

Production and Operations Management Formative Assignment 1 With examples, discuss why project management has become a key aspect of modern management. This assignment examines the need for project management as a key skill for managers working In the current dynamic and turbulent economic environment. As a result of globalisation, increased market competitiveness, technological advancements, the political and economic changes, for example, there is an ever increasing pressure on organisations to manage there survival and competitiveness through its processes In order to deliver new Initiatives and developments quickly nd cost effectively. Paton et al (201 1), notes that managing organisations in the 21 st century requires a range of additional and different skills than those required in previous times marked by more stable and predictable economic activity. The need for structure and control In developing and delivering new Initiatives comes about as a result of the company- wide process dependences between the different functions of the organisation, Paton etal (201 1)i. We will write a custom essay sample on With examples, discuss why project management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The awareness and need for project management relates to the shift in organisation design from functional bureaucratic structures to flatter decentralised organisations In response to the changes In the economic market requlrlng flexiblllty and rapid response to bring products and services to market. Comininos and Frigenti (2002/3) point out the need for organisations to focus on being highly innovative in their products and services Involving greater technical complexity and diversity of skills. An organisation must be able to produce more with less † more high quality products or services with leaner organisations and tighter budgets, Cornininos and Frigenti (2002/3)ii. Project Management A project is described as a temporary organisation focussed on a goal, Comininos nd Frigentl (2002/3)ii. The introduction of project management replaces the ad-hoc and independent change initiatives that were previously introduced by a department or function without the need for Interaction with the different functions of the business. With technology advancements enabling greater and greater Integration and dependency between different systems across the varying departments and functions within organisations the priority to ensure successful delivery of these changes Is key to the organisations survival and competitiveness.

Supply Chain Case Study free essay sample

What makes the procurement of services different from that of the purchase of goods and materials? The basic difference between the purchase of services and goods is that, the services requires more professional knowledge and experience to evaluate its performance. The goods has a fixed standard which can be measured. Services as a peoples business is more complicated to analyze, particularly for supply department.Furthermore, for evaluating and Improving the final purpose which Is Increasing the customer value, letting different function departments to do their experts will also make It easy to get feedback and Improve their effective and efficiency. After all, letting the people who did it to improve himself is more reasonable. 2. Define alternative services, or additional ones, that could be purchased by the hotel. The definition of alternative services should follow the companys strategy.In this case, the definition of alternative services can be defined as the services or goods which can increase the companys core competencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That will lead to the final purpose which is increasing the customer value. . Do you thinks centralized purchasing department is a logical way to increase purchasing efficiencies? Is It an advantage to have the purchasing department manage service purchases? From one point of view, the essence of management is to balance the contradiction. That is to say, there are some contradictions we cannot solve, and we do not have to solve. I do not agree with letting the purchasing department manage service purchases. On the purchasing departments position, a centralized purchasing department is a logical way to increase purchasing efficiencies. But, on there function departments position, it may cause the problem. On the companys position, I do not want to take a risk Just for a purpose which Is reducing the cost, particularly based on this situation. Our company has already got the advantage In competition. How about just waiting for other competitors movement and taking the second-move advantage? ) 4. In Table 1, the Supplier Selection and Evaluation Matrix for purchasing goods is illustrated. The same criteria and techniques are being used to purchase services at the Sunny Hotel. Do you think that some other distinctive criteria for the supplier election and evaluation of service purchases are needed? If yes, please briefly define them.How would you present them to the company as a consultant? I want to change the Supplier Selection and Evaluation Matrix a little bit. First, I will separate the Trust and set it as a precondition. If I cannot trust, it will be no necessary to trade. Next, I will add quality, order system and cycle time and location to the Supplier Selection and Evaluation Matrix. System and cycle time means how easy I can book an order and how long I can get a response from my order. Location means the geographic distance.

5 Surprising Reasons Your Job Application Isnt Getting a Response

5 Surprising Reasons Your Job Application Isnt Getting a Response Sending out resumes by the dozens, but not getting any calls from hiring managers? You could be a fantastic candidate, but it might be time to ask yourself if you’re inadvertently doing anything that keeps you from making the next round.  Here are 5 things you might not have considered that may be the reason your job application isn’t getting a response. 1. Online-Only ApplicationsThe vast majority of your queries and applications are through online sites and job boards. But did you know that nearly 80% of all job openings don’t ever make it online? Switch your focus to networking, and find a way to get internal recommendations for positions before they’re even advertised online.2. A Generic ResumeIf you’re not crafting every resume to specifically target the specific job you want, then you’re wasting your time. The extra time it takes to match the resume spec for spec to the job to which you are applying will always be worth it. This shows you’re serious and do your homework. Make it as easy as possible for the decision maker to call you in.3. Lack of KeywordsFor online applications especially, you need to be mindful of the keywords you should include to get past online tracking systems. If you don’t have the right keywords or phrases in your application, yours might never come up in the recruiter’s search.The best way to figure out what to include is to comb through the job posting itself and make sure to highlight, verbatim, the qualifications you have that match the job’s demands. When in doubt, include the obvious skills and strengths. You never know what a hiring manager might be searching for.4. Social Media OopsiesOften one of the final stages in sorting through applicants is a quick scan of their social media presence looking for red flags. Don’t give them any. Scrub your sites clean of anything inappropriate or offensive. But do make sure to have a presence- being totally u nfindable can backfire as well.5. Telling Your AgeWhether you are uncharacteristically young or old for the position in question, don’t disclose this information until you walk into the interview and can control their reaction. Don’t broadcast this information too early or risk being weeded out. (Despite age discrimination being totally illegal†¦)

American Beer Market Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Beer Market - Case Study Example US sales and market shares are shown in the following: Bud Light has seen a 2% growth in 2008 which is greater than other light beer competitor. The brand still remains as the top-selling beer in global terms. Growth drivers include rising market share in Mexico which went up 27% in 2008 and made the brand Mexico's No.1 light beer brand. This was due to the equity investment made by the company to the Grupo Modelo S.A.B. de C.V. which has 56% of the Mexico beer market. In Canada, sales volume went up by 30% due to innovative marketing strategies and sponsorships of popular teams in the National Hockey League like the Toronto Blue Jays. Anheuser-Busch has also set its eyes in China's emerging and burgeoning market. A production facility has already been established in the country where the main product to be made was Bud Lite. The company has also teamed up with China's oldest and largest brewery, Tsingtao. In October of 2007, owners of Miller and Coors announced a joint venture to try to unsettle the behemoth Anheuser-Busch which had 51% of the total beer market. Miller commands 18% while Coors has 11%. The said merger entitled Miller to a 52% economic interest while the rest is to Coors. The joint-venture, MillerCoors, was expected to benefit from an estimated $500 million from the integration of its distribution system and market shares.

Network Access Using Correct Credentials Coursework - 1

Network Access Using Correct Credentials - Coursework Example Additionally, other abnormal computers like automatic dialing the internet may also be an indicator. Further, use of keyloggers can be essential in keeping a log of the number of times your account has been accessed. However, copying of small files may not increase network activity significantly so it may be hard to detect. Furthermore, shared folders are freely accessible on the network without the use of a password. The situation discussed above differs from packet sniffing. In it, there is no software required to access the folders as they are already shared and the password is also known. Additionally, packet sniffing is an illegal practice of intercepting network traffic to and from a computer on a network. The limit of what may be accessed through both of these methods is also different. While packet sniffing can access everything sent over the network, the above scenario does not include such capabilities. Using password to access a local computer is much easier than packet sniffing. The situation in question 2 is real and very likely in a work situation. Numerous cases of employees stealing information from their colleagues have been reported. One simple way for protection in such case is the change of password. Changing passwords constantly will ensure that someone has difficulty ever using your password to access your computer. Another method is by use of the firewall. A firewall may be a hardware or a software program which restricts unauthorized external access to a local machine or an internal network. Additionally, a review of which folders and files to share and which not to share is also important. The designers who had their systems attacked by a worm and their designs stolen would have known of this intrusion and subsequent theft of designs. An antivirus software installed on the computer is one sure way for such detection.  

The motivation theories used by management

The motivation theories used by management This chapter provides a brief outline of motivation, types of motivation, major motivation theories and leadership theories on increasing employee motivation. Lastly this chapter identifies the impact of employee motivation on the productivity of the company. 2.2 Motivation The level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler,1978). Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations strive to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). The success of any business depends largely on the motivation of the employees.  Every person has their own set of motivations and personal incentives to work hard or not as the case may be. Some are motivated by recognition while others are motivated by cash incentives. Motivation can be internal or external. Deadlines are an example of external motivation. The fear of losing a contract or of not finishing a job you started is an example of internal motivation. Both internal and external motivation can be equally powerful. Financial Motivation is money, incentives, bonus, commission, fame and recognition which are External and Monetary benefits or Non-Financial Motivators like pride, sense of achievement, responsibility, belief, challenge and interesting job, Respect which are Internal. Perhaps the most significant impact of increased employee motivation is that of increased productivity. This is a central aim when adopting an incentive program. If you can increase employee motivation, productivity will follow and with that the inevitable increased bottom line. Table 1 Four most powerful types of motivation Type of Motivation Description Intrinsic motivation Satisfaction in the work itself (pleasure, stimulation, learning etc) Extrinsic motivation Rewards for doing the work (money, promotion, perks etc) Personal motivation Individual values (a love of knowledge, power, security, self-expression etc) Interpersonal motivation The influence of other people (competition, collaboration, commitments etc) Human beings are multifaceted creatures, and we are typically motivated by a mixture of all four elements. This diagram can help make sense of this complexity The types of motivation combine to produce four key areas to focus on when trying to motivate people. For example, prior to taking a work, employee will most likely to have a minimum anticipation in terms of pay and opportunities for career progress (personal rewards). You will also want to be certain that it offers you an opportunity to use your skills, learn and stretch yourself in pursuit of a meaningful challenge (personal satisfaction). Probability are you will also want to be given due recognition for your involvement (public recognition). And given how long you are going to spend in the group of your co-workers, you will probably want them to be interesting and enjoyable company (social interaction). Combining different forms of motivation will have the biggest impact on performance. Taking a more balanced approach to motivation will also help you develop better relationships with everyone on your team. How to Motivate People During a Recession Deci and Ryan (2000) conducted and replicated an experiment that showed the negative impact of monetary rewards on intrinsic motivation and performance. A group of college students were asked to work on an interesting puzzle. Some were paid and some were not paid for the work. The students that were not being paid worked longer on the puzzle and found it more interesting than the students being paid. When the study was brought into a workplace setting, employees felt that their behavior was being controlled in a dehumanizing and alienating manner by the rewards. It was discovered that rewards would seriously decrease an employees motivation to ever perform the task being rewarded, or one similar to it, any time in the future. Another observation of the study was that employees would expect a reward every time the task was to be completed if the reward was offered at one time. Employees would require the reward in order to perform the job and would probably expect the reward to increase in amount. If the rewards were not increased or if they were taken away they actually served as negative reinforcement. 2.2 Major Theories of Motivation Motivation is not only in a single direction i.e. downwards. In the present scenario, where the workforce is more informed, more aware, more educated and goal oriented, the role of motivation has left the boundaries of the hierarchy of management. The Fig below shows the major theories of motivation that can be applied in the working environment as well on the employees to see the impact of motivation on the organization as a whole. Fig shows Major theories of Motivation 2.2.1 Need Approaches Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Fig Shows Maslows Hierarchy of Needs If motivation is driven by the existence of unsatisfied needs, then it is worthwhile for a manager to understand which needs are the more important for individual employees. http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/ By applying Maslows theory of motivation, modern leaders and managers find way of employee motivation for the purpose of employee and workforce management. The basis of Maslows theory of motivation is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be addressed. As per the teachings of Abraham Maslow, there are general needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem) which have to be fulfilled before a person is able to act unselfishly. These needs were dubbed deficiency needs. While a person is motivated to fulfill these basal desires, they continue to move toward growth, and eventually self-actualization. http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp As a result, for adequate workplace  motivation, it is important that  leadership understands which needs are active for individual employee motivation. In this regard, Abraham Maslows model indicates that basic, low-level needs such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self-fulfillment are pursued. As depicted in this hierarchical diagram, sometimes called Maslows Needs Pyramid or Maslows Needs Triangle, when a need is satisfied it no longer motivates and the next higher need takes its place. http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp Table 2 shows Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Needs Example Biological and Physiological needs Air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc Safety needs Protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. Belongingness and Love needs Work group, family, affection, relationships, etc. Esteem needs Self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc Self-Actualization needs Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Source: http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm Alderfers ERG Theory Fig: Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory Needs Source:http://www.envisionsoftware.com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory.gif If the ERG theory holds, then unlike with Maslows theory, managers must recognize that an employee has multiple needs to satisfy simultaneously. Furthermore, if growth opportunities are not provided to employees, they may regress to relatedness needs. If the manager is able to recognize this situation, then steps can be taken to concentrate on relatedness needs until the subordinate is able to pursue growth again. http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/erg/ Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Fig: Hygiene and Motivation Factors Source:http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/figures/1472-6920-9-49-1.jpg The psychologist Fredrick Herzberg asked the questions from employees in the year 1950s and 60s for understanding employee satisfaction. He set out to determine the effect of attitude on motivation, by asking people to describe the circumstances where they felt really good, and really bad, about their jobs. What he found was that people who felt good about their jobs gave very different responses from the people who felt bad. Herzbergs findings revealed that certain characteristics of a job are consistently related to job satisfaction, while different factors are associated with job dissatisfaction shown in Fig? The conclusion he drew is that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not opposites. The opposite of Satisfaction is No Satisfaction. The opposite of Dissatisfaction is No Dissatisfaction To apply Herzbergs theory, managers need to adopt a two stage process to motivate people. Firstly, managers need eliminate the dissatisfactions the employees are experiencing and, secondly, managers need to help them find satisfaction. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_74.htm McClellands Learned Needs Theory One of McClellands most well known theories is that human motivation is dominated by three needs. McClellands theory, sometimes referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory, categorizes the needs as follows; The need for achievement The need for power The need for affiliation The importance of each of these needs will vary from one person to another. If the manager can determine the importance of each of these needs to an individual, it will help the managers to decide how to influence that individual. McClelland asserted that a persons needs are influenced by their cultural background and life experiences. He also asserted that the majority of these needs can be classified as the needs for affiliation, achievement or power. A persons motivation and effectiveness can be increased through an environment, which provides them with their ideal mix of each of the three needs. http://www.learnmanagement2.com/DavidMcClelland.htm 2.2.2 Cognitive Approach Expectancy Theory The expectancy theory says that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they have certain expectation. Individuals choose behaviors based on the outcomes they expect and the values they ascribe to those expected outcomes (Borders 2004). Vrooms Expectancy theory is based upon the following three variables which he calls Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality valances (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Riston Scott-Ladd 2006). Valence refers to the value an individual personally places on the reward or upon the expected outcome of a situation. The Valence is high if the reward available is of interest to us. When you have a higher valence you tend to have higher motivation (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Riston Scott-Ladd 2006). Expectancy is the belief that your efforts will result in attainment of the desired performance. This belief is generally based on an individuals past experience, self confidence. Expectancy would be zero if an individual felt it were impossible to achieve a given performance level (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Riston Scott-Ladd 2006). Instrumentality is the belief that the success of the situation is linked to the expected outcome of the situation, e.g. its gone really well, so Id expect praise. It is also the belief that if one meets the performance expectations, he or she will receive a greater reward. This reward may come in the form of a pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Riston Scott-Ladd 2006) Equity Theory/ Social Comparison Theory Source: http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm According to Equity theory the employees perceive what they get from a job situation (outcomes) in relation to what they put into it (inputs) and then compare their inputs-outcomes ratio with the inputs-outcomes ratios of relevant others (Shown in Fig). If an employee perceives her ratio to be equal to those of relevant others, a state of equity exists. In other words, she perceives that her situation is fair-that justice prevails. However, if the ratio is unequal, inequity exists and she views herself as under rewarded or over rewarded. Source: http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Goal Setting Theory of Motivation Goal-setting theory focuses on identifying the types of goals that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and explaining why goals have these effects. Goal-setting theory is found within the field of organizational behavior; however, it can be applied to any general area where goals may be achieved. http://www.ehow.com/about_5382265_goalsetting-theory-motivation.html Source: http://faculty.washington.edu/janegf/goalsetting.html In order to direct ourselves we set ourselves goals that are: Clear (not vague) and understandable, so we know what to do and what not to do. Challenging, so we will be stimulated and not be bored. Achievable, so we are unlikely to fail. If other people set us goals without our involvement, then we are much less likely to be motivated to work hard at it than if we feel we have set or directed the goal ourselves.http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/goals.htm 2.2.3 REINFORCEMENT THEORY Reinforcement theory of motivation overlooks the internal state of individual, i.e., the inner feelings and drives of individuals are ignored by Skinner. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when he takes some action. External environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for individuals behaviour. http://www.managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm Table 3: Reinforcement schedule Apply Withhold Reward positive reinforcement (raise above baseline) negative reinforcement (raise up to baseline) Stressor punishment (bring down below baseline) extinction (stay at baseline) Source: http://motivationcentre.blogspot.com/2006/03/reinforcement-theory.html Table 4 Types of Reinforcement Types of Reinforcement Description Positive reinforcement This implies giving a positive response when an individual shows positive and required behavior. Ex. You make a sale, you get a commission. You do a good job; you get a bonus a promotion. Negative reinforcement This implies rewarding an employee by removing negative / undesirable consequences. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used for increasing desirable / required behaviour. Extinction It implies absence of reinforcements. In other words, extinction implies lowering the probability of undesired behaviour by removing reward for that kind of behaviour. For instance if an employee no longer receives praise and admiration for his good work, he may feel that his behaviour is generating no fruitful consequence. Extinction may unintentionally lower desirable behaviour Punishment It implies removing positive consequences so as to lower the probability of repeating undesirable behaviour in future. In other words, punishment means applying undesirable consequence for showing undesirable behaviour. For instance Suspending an employee for breaking the organizational rules. Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm 2.3 Leadership Style Influencing Motivation Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people (Kurt Lewin,1939). Leadership Style influences the level of motivation of employees. Different Leaders have different style for managing the employees working under them. Fig explains the style of leadership influencing the motivation of employees. Fig: Leadership Style Vs motivation Source: http://www.motivation-tools.com/workplace/leadership_styles.htm

Interpretation of John Updikes A&P :: Literary Analysis

The first line of the story, â€Å"A&P, by John Updike, â€Å"In walks three girls in nothing but bathing suits†; (230) sets the tone for the rest of the story. The rest of the story is a description of how the main character Sammy, views not only the three girls in the bathing suits , but the rest of the women that are portrayed in the story. The main character of the story is a young guy, in the early 60s, who is working at a grocery store when these three young ladies walk in. He describes how they were scantily dressed and walking around the store, and the reactions of the others in the store, including himself, his co-workers, his manager and other customers. This story is about how a 19-year-old guy in 1961 viewed and objectified the women, young and old, entirely. The first woman Sammy has dealings with after seeing the three girls is a customer he describes as â€Å"a witch of about fifty years, with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows† (230). She has become impatient with him when he cannot remember if he rang up her box of crackers, since the three younger girls distracted him. Sammy also says, â€Å"If she were born in the right time, they would have burned her over in Salem†, substantiating his characterization of her being a witch. He believes that this woman’s purpose was to trip him up and get pleasure from it. Sammy goes on to describe the three young women. The first one he refers to as the â€Å"chunky one† (230), whom he describes as having a â€Å"sweet broad soft looking can† (230), in reference to her backside. He also adds, â€Å"With two crescents of white under it where the sun never shines† (230), indicating that he is really gawking at her backside. The second, he describes as the â€Å"tall one, with black hair that hadn’t quite frizzled right, with a chin that was too long† (230) - the kind that other girls think is very â€Å"striking† (230) and â€Å"attractive† (230). The third, he described as the â€Å"queen† (230). As she pulled out her money to pay for her purchase, Sammy talked about how he slowly un-creased the bill because it was retrieved from what he described as the â€Å"nicest two scoops of vanilla he has ever seen† (230); referencing the â€Å"queens† breasts. He also describes her bathing su it being off her shoulders, and that there was â€Å"nothing between the top of her suit and the top of her head but her†; alluding to more nakedness than is already apparent.

Martin Luther King Essay

Speeches in which this is observed include â€Å"I Have A Dream† by Martin Luther King and â€Å"The Gettysburg Address† by Abraham Lincoln which have been valued and remembered throughout time as being historically influential and valued, as such, as they use the values of their time and audience to inspire, persuade and unite the public with their message. Martin Luther King electrified America with his pivotal speech, dramatically delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC in 1963, sharing his dream of a new future for black and white people before more than 200,000 people.King, part of an extensive black movement, challenged the white Americans to extend genuine freedom to his people and drew on all his powers to inspire black Americans to believe in such freedom for themselves. The key message from the speech was, and is, that all people are created equal and, although not the case in America at the time, King felt it must be the case in the future which is why this text is valued still, even today. Abraham Lincoln, the American president at the time delivered his speech at the Gettysburg Cemetery during the heart of the civil war in 1863.This was to honour and dedicate the new cemetery to the soldiers who had died in the recent Battle of Gettysburg which was pivotal in the American Civil War. The quality of patriotism is seen in Lincoln's allusion to the Declaration of Independence and constant references to democratic ideals. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Martin Luther Kings’ â€Å"I have a dream†¦. † speech is one of the most memorable speech’s of all time but why? In thi s essay we’ll have a look at why it’s such an effective speech. In the speech, King especially likes to use repetition and metaphors to convey his ideas.These devices are the foundation of King’s unique and effective style. Anaphora and repetition are commonly used in Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream†¦. † speech because repeating the words and phrases helps to emphasise the pattern and increase the rhetorical effect. â€Å"I have a dream†¦ † is repeated in eight successive sentences, and is one of the most often cited examples of anaphora in modern speeches. Repetition is a good device to use to strengthen an important idea. He uses and repeats the words dream, because it is such a personal and deep commodity.The phrases he adds to the end of this representation are also very personal. This is so effectual because the target audience of this speech can see these visualizations become reality. Even now, over 30 years after his death, reading through the speech gives the reader a sense that things are not complete, and that King still has a dream. If you count the frequency of words used in King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream†, very interesting patterns emerge. The most commonly used noun is freedom, which is used twenty times in the spee ch. This makes sense, since freedom is one of the primary themes of the speech.A metaphor is a very effective way to illustrate an idea. King uses many metaphors, both large and small, to describe many different ideas. â€Å"In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious†¦

Essay on America’s War on Terrorism - 2451 Words

America’s War on Terrorism The world has been changed forever since the tragic attack on September 11, 2001. An observer described the atrocity by saying, It just went bam, like a bomb went off. It was like holy hell (CNN 1). The new world will be different from what any American has known before. A new war has arisen, not against a foreign country or a major region of the world, but rather against a select group of people who have the capabilities to destroy the lives of so many. The war against terrorism which the United States is now forced to wage will not be an easily won battle. This war will not be fought solely on scattered battlefields in certain countries. It will instead permeate through every aspect of life as we†¦show more content†¦It respects less developed nations independence. In this way, the superpower becomes somewhat isolationist, because a superpower usually has the ability to be self-reliant if needs be. Indeed, it follows that if the superpower does in fact simply preside over itself, it will eventually become isolationist. A major problem with this approach is that it may cause a superpower to consume its resources, so then when it attempts to regain its authority over the rest of the world after being isolationist for so long and now having limited resources, it is no longer an intimidating force, and thus loses its superpower supremacy. The original empire of China was technologically superior to the rest of the world at that time, but it was isolationist and eventually overtaken as the rest of the world advanced (Further information located in Encarta Encyclopedia for Windows). The second approach that a superpower may believe its responsibility to be is to aid those countries that are less developed by inflicting their rule over such countries. Aiding countries can be achieved in many ways. There can be simply financial aid. 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